Gas Stove Ban Tracker: State Laws, City Rules and Court Rulings (2026)

Gas stove ban registry: state, city and federal actions

Checked monthly. Last checked 2026-10-27. Entries are neutral records of public data; each links to its source record.

There is no national gas stove ban, and no state bans existing stoves

What people call a gas stove ban is almost always a rule about new buildings. None of the federal or state actions in this registry prohibits owning, buying or replacing a gas stove in an existing home.

On 2023-03-07 the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission published a request for information on chronic hazards associated with gas ranges. A request for information gathers data; it is not a proposed rule. A Federal Register search on 2026-10-27 found no later CPSC proposed rule on gas ranges.

The Department of Energy set an efficiency standard for cooking products on 2024-02-14. It caps a gas cooking top at 1,770 kBtu a year for products made from 2028-01-31. DOE estimated that 97 percent of the gas cooking top market already met that level. On 2025-05-16 DOE proposed rescinding the standard; no final rescission appears in the Federal Register as of 2026-10-27.

All-electric new-building rule: A statute, code or ordinance that bars fossil-fuel piping or appliances in buildings not yet built. It does not reach a stove already installed in an existing home.

Preemption law: A state law that stops cities and counties from restricting gas (or other energy) service. It does not regulate stoves.

25 states forbid local gas restrictions; one state has an all-electric law, and it is on hold

The registry has 40 dated entries. State preemption laws outnumber statewide all-electric laws 25 to 1.

Arizona passed the first preemption bill in February 2020. Four states acted in 2020, 16 in 2021, none in 2022 and 5 in 2023. KBR confirmed 14 of the 25 laws on the legislature's own bill record (for example Florida HB 919 and Texas HB 17). The other 11 legislature sites blocked automated requests, required JavaScript or timed out, so those entries use the passage dates in Walker and Malmuth (2024), Table 1 and are labelled corroborated.

That dataset counts 26 states as of February 2024. KBR counts 25 because Maine LD 894 ended on 2023-06-14 with an Ought Not To Pass report. The National Association of Home Builders wrote in August 2025 that 27 states have some type of preemption law but did not name them; KBR could not verify the extra states.

On the other side, New York Executive Law 378(19) requires the state code to prohibit fossil-fuel equipment in new buildings up to seven stories from 2025-12-31 (except commercial or industrial buildings over 100,000 square feet) and in all new buildings from 2028-12-31. On 2025-11-12 the state agreed to suspend that start date until appeals and any Supreme Court petition end, plus 120 days (Sabin Center docket summary).

Two statewide ballot measures sought to protect gas service. Washington's Initiative 2066 was struck down on 2026-09-17. Colorado's initiative #177 is on the 2026 ballot and needs 55 percent of votes cast.

No rule in the registry stops you replacing a gas stove in an existing house

For a kitchen remodel the practical question is whether a gas range can go back in. For every rule tracked here, the answer for an existing single-family home is yes.

New York's statute says the prohibition shall not apply to buildings existing before its effective date, including their repair, alteration and the continued use of fossil-fuel equipment related to cooking (Executive Law 378(19)(b)). Berkeley's ordinance applied only to a building never before used or occupied (Ninth Circuit opinion). New York City's Local Law 154 covers new buildings (Second Circuit opinion).

The one partial exception is the District of Columbia. Its law reaches substantial improvements of commercial buildings and residential buildings over three stories, and a federal court upheld it on 2026-03-26. A gut renovation of a covered apartment building could fall under it; a single-family home does not.

Planning around a range swap? Our kitchen remodel timeline covers when gas line and electrical permits usually come up, and the remodel cost calculator estimates the project. Fire risk from cooking is covered separately in kitchen fire statistics.

Two federal appeals courts now disagree on whether EPCA blocks gas bans

The legal fight is over the Energy Policy and Conservation Act (EPCA), which preempts state rules concerning the energy use of covered appliances.

In 2023 the Ninth Circuit held that EPCA preempts Berkeley's ban on gas piping in new buildings; rehearing en banc was denied on 2024-01-02, with 8 judges dissenting from that denial. Berkeley stopped enforcing the ordinance on 2024-01-10 and settled on 2024-03-21 (Berkeleyside).

On 2026-06-30 the Second Circuit reached the opposite reading for New York City and New York State, holding that EPCA's term energy use refers to a metric fixed before an appliance reaches consumers, not the energy it uses in a consumer's home. Two district courts had ruled the same way for Montgomery County and the District of Columbia in March 2026. The split means the answer depends on the circuit until the Supreme Court weighs in.

42 percent of U.S. homes cook with gas, from 74 percent in New Jersey to 10 percent in Florida

EIA's 2024 survey covers 132.54 million occupied homes. KBR counted homes with any gas cooking appliance, natural gas or propane, using the public microdata.

California had the most gas-cooking homes in 2024, 10.1 million. New York had 5.0 million and Texas 4.5 million.

Propane matters in northern New England. In Vermont 29.5 percent of homes cook with propane and only 12.5 percent with natural gas. Induction is still rare: 5.2 percent of U.S. homes had an induction range or cooktop in 2024.

A third of gas-cooking homes are in states that forbid local bans

Pairing the registry with the survey shows where gas cooking is shielded by law and where it is concentrated.

The 25 preemption states held 62.4 million households in 2024, 47.1 percent of the U.S. total. They held 18.8 million gas-cooking homes, 33.7 percent of the U.S. total. Their ratio of gas-cooking share to household share is 0.72.

New York holds 9.0 percent of U.S. gas-cooking homes, and the 24 other states and DC hold 57.3 percent. A second cut adds the nine Ninth Circuit states, where the Berkeley ruling is binding precedent against bans on gas piping in new buildings: 31 states then hold 31.4 million gas-cooking homes, 56.1 percent of the U.S. total.

New construction has not left gas behind. Among homes built from 2020 to 2024, 46.1 percent cook with gas nationally. The share was 41.2 percent in preemption states and 53.5 percent elsewhere, a gap of 12.3 points with an approximate standard error of 4.5 points.

What the gas stove health studies and the $840 induction rebate cap say

KBR takes no position on health or climate. Below are the named studies and statutes, with their limits.

A 2022 paper by Gruenwald and co-authors estimated that 12.7 percent of current U.S. childhood asthma is attributable to gas stove use, using an odds ratio of 1.34 from earlier meta-analyses. The figure is a modelled population attributable fraction, not a count of cases, and Cox (2023) argued that the data and measures used do not support it.

Lebel and co-authors (2022) measured 53 homes and estimated that stoves emit 0.8 to 1.3 percent of the gas they use as unburned methane, more than three-quarters of it while off. They also reported that NO2 in poorly ventilated kitchens can pass the 100 ppb one-hour national standard within minutes of stove use.

For switching, Public Law 117-169, section 50122 caps the High-Efficiency Electric Home Rebate at $840 for an electric stove, cooktop, range or oven, with a $14,000 household cap, for households with income up to 150 percent of area median income. DOE says the rebates are available in select states only.

Counts and distributions

Download the calculations (CSV)

Key findings

1. In 2024, 55.9 million U.S. homes (42.2 percent) cooked with natural gas or propane, by KBR's count from EIA microdata.^[1]
2. EIA's published table shows 49.57 million U.S. homes with a natural gas cooking appliance in 2024; the microdata reproduce that figure exactly.^[2]
3. Propane added 6.6 million gas-cooking homes in the United States in 2024.^[1]
4. New Jersey had the highest share of homes cooking with gas in 2024 (74.1 percent), followed by California (73.5 percent) and Illinois (67.6 percent).^[1]
5. Florida had the lowest share of homes cooking with gas in 2024 (10.4 percent).^[1]
6. As of 2026-10-27, 25 U.S. states had laws barring local restrictions on gas service; 16 of them passed in 2021.^[19][27][37]
7. Maine's LD 894, listed as passed in a 2024 peer-reviewed dataset, died on 2023-06-14 under an Ought Not To Pass report, so it is not counted.^[42][19]
8. In 2024, the 25 preemption states held 18.8 million gas-cooking homes, 33.7 percent of the U.S. total.^[1][19]
9. In 2024, 31.4 million gas-cooking homes (56.1 percent of the U.S. total) were in 31 states where a Berkeley-style local ban is blocked by state law or by Ninth Circuit precedent.^[1][5]
10. New York, the only state with a statewide all-electric new-building law, had 5.0 million gas-cooking homes in 2024, 64.3 percent of its households.^[1][9]
11. New York's law exempts existing buildings, including alterations and cooking equipment, per Executive Law 378(19)(b).^[9]
12. DOE's 2024 cooking standard caps gas cooking tops at 1,770 kBtu a year from 2028-01-31, a level DOE estimated 97 percent of the gas cooking top market already met.^[11][12]
13. Federal law caps the HEEHR rebate for an electric stove, cooktop, range or oven at $840, inside a $14,000 household cap.^[17]

Executive summary

• No federal agency has banned gas stoves; the CPSC's 2023 action was a request for information, and the DOE efficiency standard adopted in 2024 covers only products made from 2028-01-31.
• 25 states have laws that stop cities and counties from restricting gas service; 14 were confirmed on legislature records and 11 are reported by a 2024 peer-reviewed dataset.
• New York is the only state with a statewide all-electric law for new buildings, and its start date was suspended on 2025-11-12 while appeals run.
• Federal appeals courts are split: the Ninth Circuit struck Berkeley's ban in 2023, and the Second Circuit upheld New York's rules on 2026-06-30.
• 42.2 percent of U.S. homes cook with gas in 2024, from 74.1 percent in New Jersey to 10.4 percent in Florida.
• The 25 preemption states hold 47.1 percent of U.S. households but only 33.7 percent of gas-cooking homes.
• None of the rules in this registry stops a homeowner from swapping an old gas stove for a new one in an existing house.

Frequently asked questions

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Reproduce this analysis

Every figure comes from the files below. The scripts that pulled and computed them are kept with the report and can be re-run.

Data quality and exclusions

• RECS microdata: all 16,676 records kept; no records dropped. Code -2 (not applicable) in cooking-fuel fields is treated as no appliance of that type.
• Validation: the natural gas definition reproduces EIA's published 49.57 million homes and the electric definition 88.93 million, so the coding matches EIA's tables.
• State estimates for homes built 2020 to 2024 are not shown because state subsamples are small and their standard errors are large; only group estimates are reported.
• Registry: 1 bill (Maine LD 894) removed after the legislature record contradicted the secondary dataset; 11 preemption entries kept as corroborated because the primary site could not be opened.
• One of the two Second Circuit PDF links for the opinion returned an error page; the working copy of the same opinion was used.

Methodology

Selection: the registry includes every state law preempting local gas restrictions that KBR could identify, every statewide all-electric or anti-restriction measure, the local rules that reached a federal or state appellate court, and federal agency actions on gas stoves. It is not a census of every local ordinance adopted since 2019.

Evidence: an entry is marked agency record when KBR opened the statute, bill record, court opinion or Federal Register notice. Where the legislature site blocked automated requests, required JavaScript or timed out, KBR did not work around it; the entry uses the passage date from Walker and Malmuth (2024) and is marked corroborated.

Conflicts: Walker and Malmuth list Maine as passing LD 894 on 2023-06-14; the Maine Legislature record shows the bill died that day, so KBR excluded it. NAHB's count of 27 states was not adopted because the states are not named.

Gas cooking: KBR used the 2024 RECS public microdata (16,676 households, version 1, May 2026). A home cooks with gas if its range, separate cooktop or wall oven uses natural gas or propane, including dual-fuel ranges. This definition reproduces EIA's published 49.57 million natural gas cooking homes before propane is added. Standard errors use EIA's jackknife method with 60 replicate weights.

Derived metrics sum weighted counts within groups of states (never averages of state percentages); each formula and input row is in derived_metrics.csv.

Limits: RECS 2024 housing data are preliminary and the survey does not identify cities, so local rules cannot be matched to homes. Registry last checked 2026-10-27.

This report presents published data with its limitations. It is not legal, financial or investment advice.

Sources, ranked by quality

Tier 1: primary and official sources (38)

• [1] U.S. Energy Information Administration. 2024 RECS public-use microdata file, version 1 (recs2024_public_v1.csv). Housing characteristics collected late 2024 to early 2025; released May 2026. Accessed 2026-10-27.
• [2] U.S. Energy Information Administration. Highlights for appliances in U.S. homes by state, 2024 (STappliances_2024.xlsx). 2024; preliminary release March 2026. Accessed 2026-10-27.
• [3] U.S. Energy Information Administration. Table HC3.1 Appliances in U.S. homes, by housing unit type, 2024. 2024; preliminary release March 2026. Accessed 2026-10-27.
• [4] U.S. Energy Information Administration. Using the 2024 RECS microdata file to compute estimates and standard errors. May 2026. Accessed 2026-10-27.
• [5] U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit. California Restaurant Association v. City of Berkeley, No. 21-16278, order and amended opinion (65 F.4th 1045). Filed 2023-04-17, amended 2024-01-02. Accessed 2026-10-27.
• [6] U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit. Association of Contracting Plumbers v. City of New York; Mulhern Gas Co. v. Mosley, Nos. 25-977, 25-2041. Decided 2026-06-30. Accessed 2026-10-27.
• [7] U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia. National Association of Home Builders v. District of Columbia, No. 24-cv-02942, memorandum opinion and order. 2026-03-26. Accessed 2026-10-27.
• [8] Supreme Court of the State of Washington. Climate Solutions v. State of Washington, No. 104240-0 (Initiative 2066). Filed 2026-09-17. Accessed 2026-10-27.
• [9] New York State Senate (archived copy). New York Executive Law section 378, subdivision 19 (Internet Archive capture of nysenate.gov, 2025-12-16). Text as captured 2025-12-16. Accessed 2026-10-27.
• [11] U.S. Department of Energy via Federal Register. Energy Conservation Standards for Consumer Conventional Cooking Products, direct final rule (89 FR 11434). Published 2024-02-14. Accessed 2026-10-27.
• [12] U.S. Department of Energy via Federal Register. Cooking products direct final rule, confirmation of effective and compliance dates (89 FR 65520). Published 2024-08-12. Accessed 2026-10-27.
• [13] U.S. Department of Energy via Federal Register. Energy Conservation Standards for Conventional Cooking Tops, proposed rule to rescind (90 FR 20881). Published 2025-05-16. Accessed 2026-10-27.
• [14] U.S. Department of Energy via Federal Register. Energy Conservation Standards for Conventional Ovens, proposed rule to rescind (90 FR 20885). Published 2025-05-16. Accessed 2026-10-27.
• [15] U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission via Federal Register. Request for Information on Chronic Hazards Associated With Gas Ranges and Proposed Solutions (88 FR 14150). Published 2023-03-07. Accessed 2026-10-27.
• [16] Office of the Federal Register. Federal Register API searches: 'cooking products' since 2025-01-01 and CPSC 'gas ranges'. Searched 2026-10-27. Accessed 2026-10-27.
• [17] U.S. Government Publishing Office (govinfo). Public Law 117-169, section 50122, High-Efficiency Electric Home Rebate Program. Enacted 2022-08-16. Accessed 2026-10-27.
• [18] U.S. Department of Energy. Home Energy Rebates Program. Page as of 2026-10-27. Accessed 2026-10-27.
• [19] Nature Portfolio (peer-reviewed). Walker and Malmuth, The natural gas industry, the Republican Party, and state preemption of local building decarbonization, npj Climate Action 3, 98, Table 1. Bills January 2020 to June 2023; published 2024-11-02. Accessed 2026-10-27.
• [20] National Library of Medicine (PubMed). Gruenwald et al., Population Attributable Fraction of Gas Stoves and Childhood Asthma in the United States, IJERPH 20(1):75 (PubMed record). Published 2022-12-21. Accessed 2026-10-27.
• [21] National Library of Medicine (PubMed). Cox, The gas stove-childhood asthma kerfuffle: A teaching opportunity, Global Epidemiology 5 (PubMed record). 2023. Accessed 2026-10-27.
• [22] National Library of Medicine (PubMed). Lebel et al., Methane and NOx Emissions from Natural Gas Stoves, Cooktops, and Ovens in Residential Homes, Environmental Science and Technology (PubMed record). 2022. Accessed 2026-10-27.
• [23] Colorado Secretary of State. Title Board initiatives filed 2025 to 2026, initiative #177 Right to Natural Gas. Status as of 2026-10-27. Accessed 2026-10-27.
• [27] Oklahoma Legislature. HB 3619 (2020) bill history. 2020. Accessed 2026-10-27.
• [28] Louisiana State Legislature. SB 492 (2020 Regular Session) bill history, Act 46. 2020. Accessed 2026-10-27.
• [29] Utah State Legislature. HB 17 (2021 General Session) bill status. 2021. Accessed 2026-10-27.
• [30] Arkansas State Legislature. SB 137 (2021) bill detail, Act 307. 2021. Accessed 2026-10-27.
• [31] Kentucky General Assembly. House Bill 207 (21RS) record, Acts Chapter 120. 2021. Accessed 2026-10-27.
• [32] Mississippi Legislature. House Bill 632 (2021) history. 2021. Accessed 2026-10-27.
• [33] Kansas Legislature. SB 24 (2021) bill history. 2021. Accessed 2026-10-27.
• [34] Iowa Legislature. House File 555 (89th GA) bill history, Acts Chapter 44. 2021. Accessed 2026-10-27.
• [35] Wyoming Legislature. SF0152 (2021) bill information, Chapter 153. 2021. Accessed 2026-10-27.
• [36] West Virginia Legislature. House Bill 2842 (2021 RS) bill status, Chapter 75. 2021. Accessed 2026-10-27.
• [37] Florida Senate. CS/CS/HB 919 (2021), Chapter No. 2021-150. 2021. Accessed 2026-10-27.
• [38] Texas Legislature Online. HB 17 (87th Legislature) history. 2021. Accessed 2026-10-27.
• [39] Missouri House of Representatives. HB 734 (2021) actions and truly agreed bill summary (Section 67.309, RSMo). 2021. Accessed 2026-10-27.
• [40] North Dakota Legislative Branch. HB 1234 (68th Legislative Assembly) bill overview. 2023. Accessed 2026-10-27.
• [41] Arizona State Legislature. HB 2686 (2020), House engrossed text. 2020. Accessed 2026-10-27.
• [42] Maine State Legislature. LD 894 (131st Legislature), SP 386, final disposition. 2023. Accessed 2026-10-27.

Tier 2: trade bodies, market research, company data (2)

• [10] Sabin Center for Climate Change Law, Climate Litigation Database. Mulhern Gas Co. v. Mosley, case page and docket summaries. Entries 2025-10-01 to 2026-08-26. Accessed 2026-10-27.
• [25] National Association of Home Builders (NAHB). Gas Bans Impact Housing Affordability as Electric Rates Soar. 2025-08-19. Accessed 2026-10-27.

Tier 3: journalism and expert commentary (2)

• [24] Berkeleyside. Berkeley spent nearly $300,000 defending its now-defunct gas ban. 2024-04-05. Accessed 2026-10-27.
• [26] K&L Gates. Natural Gas Bans: From New York to Washington, Courts Shift the Landscape on Legality of State and Local Gas Bans. 2025-04-07. Accessed 2026-10-27.